Layer 0: Physical Foundation
Structures, mechanisms, power, wiring, materials, actuators, motors, and physical safety systems.
Layer 1: Compute Hardware
Processors, controllers, memory, storage, networking, embedded systems, and edge/cloud compute.
Layer 2: Sensing Hardware
Cameras, lidar, radar, encoders, force and torque sensors, environmental sensors, and industrial instrumentation.
Layer 3: Real-World Data Representation
Digital twins, state estimation, spatial models, simulation, environment models, system state, contextual understanding, and structured representations of the physical world.
Layer 4: Intelligence Software
Models, perception, world models, reasoning, prediction, planning, decision-making, and learned control policies.
Layer 5: Operational Software
Agency, Control, orchestration, scheduling, coordination, monitoring, optimization, fleet management, and workflows.
Layer 6: Physical System
Integrated physical systems operating in the real world: robots, factories, warehouses, vehicles, power plants, autonomous laboratories, and other intelligent machines and infrastructure.
Layer 7: Real-World Application
Real-world actions delivered by those systems: manufacturing, logistics, energy generation, agriculture, construction, transportation, experimentation, and other forms of physical work.